Communication Disorders (Part 2)

In the previous post, we mentioned that in the diagnostic manual (DSM), Communication Disorders include:

• Language Disorder
• Speech Sound Disorder (Phonological Disorder)
• Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
• Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder
  
  
  

Language Disorder is characterized by persistent difficulties in acquiring and using all aspects of language. Additionally, language abilities are significantly below what is expected for the individual's age.

Speech Sound Disorder (Phonological Disorder) involves difficulties in articulating speech sounds, leading to nearly unintelligible speech. Therefore, interacting with individuals experiencing this disorder through spoken language is extremely challenging.

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder, commonly known as stuttering, is characterized by disruptions in fluency such as sound repetitions, repetitions of whole single-syllable words (li-li-li-like this), sound prolongations, and interruptions of words. This disorder can cause speech-related anxiety or significantly limit effective communication.

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder is somewhat unique. Individuals with this disorder struggle to adjust their language to social rules (such as greetings). Adapting conversation to different contexts is difficult for them, and they may speak in the same way to adults and children. Furthermore, they have an extremely hard time understanding what is not explicitly stated or comprehending non-literal meanings.

All these disorders are characterized by deficits that have significant consequences in the individual's life, such as difficulties participating in social life, achieving academic results, and being effective in their professional life. Additionally, these are symptoms that manifest during the developmental period and are not attributed to a medical condition.

Sources:

• American Psychiatric Association (2013) - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.).
• Bernhill, J. W. (2014) - DSM-5 Clinical Cases.

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